Integration builds ESG factors into the investment analysis process. The analysis may include, for example, the impact of potential carbon tax legislation on a firm's future profits, how training and safety programs enhance employee productivity, and a board that operates independently of the CEO can behave with increased objectivity. 

An engagement approach to sustainable investing has investment managers interacting with company leadership to learn about their ESG records before making investment decisions. Once a decision is made to invest in a company, the investment management firm attends all shareholder meetings, votes on corporate resolutions, and proposes resolutions in areas where the investment manager feels that the corporate leadership is lacking. 

Sustainable investing that takes a thematic approach focuses on sectors such as renewable energy, clean water, and cybersecurity. Impact investing is focused on issues such as women in leadership, healthcare, and affordable housing.